![]() ![]() Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 32, 539–546. New England Journal of Medicine, 268, 132–134.Įtherington, D. Urinary hydroxyproline as an index of collagen turnover in bone. Annual Review of Nutrition, 35, 451–473.ĭull, T. Itaconic acid: The surprising role of an industrial compound as a mammalian antimicrobial metabolite. Nucleic Acids Research, 46, W486–W494.Ĭordes, T., Michelucci, A., & Hiller, K. MetaboAnalyst 4.0: Towards more transparent and integrative metabolomics analysis. Itaconate biosynthesis in Aspergillus terreus. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226, 703–720.īonnarme, P., Gillet, B., Sepulchre, A., Role, C., Beloeil, J., & Ducrocq, C. The properties and reaction mechanism of cis-aconitic acid decarboxylase. Biosynthesis of itaconic acid in Aspergillus terreus III. Annals of Intensive Care, 3, 12–12.īentley, R., & Thiessen, C. Clinical use of lactate monitoring in critically ill patients. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 131, 121–136.īakker, J., Nijsten, M. Immune responses to infectious diseases in bivalves. A metabolomics approach to assess the effect of storage conditions on metabolic processes of New Zealand surf clam ( Crassula aequilatera). Metab: An R package for high-throughput analysis of metabolomics data generated by GC-MS. This study also provided insights into the innate immune system of bivalves and highlighted the potential use of ITA as a biomarker for shellfish health assessment in aquaculture.Īggio, R., Villas-Boas, S. The findings revealed insights into the biosynthesis of ITA and suggests its role in antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities in the innate immune system. canaliculus mussels challenged with a marine pathogen which confirmed ITA as an antimicrobial metabolite. We reported on the production of ITA in different tissues of P. The flow cytometry analyses revealed increases in ROS production, apoptotic cells and decreases in cell viability. In line with the accumulation of ITA, we observed increased levels of metabolites within the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, anti-inflammatory metabolites and alterations of other metabolites associated with immune responses of the host. In haemolymph, the level of ITA was significantly increased from 95.25 ng ml −1 at 6 hpi to 174.36 ng ml −1 at 18 hpi and 572.12 ng ml −1 at 60 hpi. The ITA levels in mantle, gill, muscle and hepatopancreas tissues at 18-h post infection (hpi) with Vibrio sp. Flow cytometry was also employed to measure cell health parameters, including oxidative stress via reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis via changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and haemocyte viability. The metabolite profiles of five different tissues, including mantle, gill, muscle, hepatopancreas and haemolymph were obtained, and levels of ITA in each tissue were characterized using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) metabolomics approach. In this study, adult Perna canaliculus mussels were experimentally challenged with a pathogenic Vibrio sp. DO1 isolate, and to identify the antimicrobial role of ITA in the innate immune system through the measurement of metabolic and immune alterations in tissues following the challenge. ![]() This study aims to quantitatively measure ITA levels in different tissues of marine mussels following an experimental challenge with Vibrio sp. ![]() However, the concentration of ITA in mussel tissues and the possible role of this metabolite in the molluscan innate immune system remain unknown. In addition, the accumulation of ITA has been observed in different tissues of mussels following pathogen challenges. The presence of ITA was also reported in different tissues of marine molluscs, indicating its role as an endogenous metabolite of molluscs. Itaconic acid (ITA) has recently been identified as an antimicrobial metabolite in mammalian immune cells. ![]()
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